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(1) Setup payoff: providing a setup for an object, character initially considered insignificant at the moment but then turns out to be an important plot device in the future. For example, a person's habit of being late actually saves him from a plane crash.

(2) Symbolism: giving symbolic meaning to objects, events, characters to represent more abstract and deeper concepts. For example, a broken crown represents rebellion against tyranny.

(3) Foreshadowing: spreading clues that become predictions of future events, for example, a flock of birds and monkeys suddenly leaving a mountain is an indication of a volcanic eruption.

(4) Object trigger: making an object a plot trigger such as opening a character's memory or a plot device. For example, one ring becomes the trigger for war in middle earth.

(5) Layered narrative: running two or more layers of narrative simultaneously in one plot. For example, the narrative of a narcissistic character who feels his life is perfect looks comedic but is actually a coping mechanism to escape from the trauma of past failures that have not yet healed.

(6) Non-linear plot: running forward and flashback plots in one plot. For example, a character sleeps in the present, triggers a dream of past events, and wakes up again in the present in one narrative (one chapter).